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From the Publisher: This four-volume laboratory manual contains comprehensive state-of-the-art protocols essential for research in the life sciences. This third edition contains 70% new material with 165 new articles covering classical as well as rapidly emerging technologies. Techniques are presented in a friendly step-by-step fashion, providing useful tips and potential pitfalls. The important steps and results are beautifully illustrated for further ease of use. This collection enables researchers at all stages of their careers to embark on basic biological problems using a variety of technologies and model systems. KEY FEATURES:
Table of Contents: CONTENTS OF VOLUME 1 PART A. Cell and Tissue Culture: Associated Techniques Section 1: General Techniques Chapter 1. Setting up a Cell Culture Laboratory Chapter 2. General Procedures for Cell Culture Chapter 3. Counting Cells Chapter 4. Cell Proliferation Assays: Improved Homogeneous Methods Used to Measure the Number of Cells in Culture Chapter 5. Development of Serum-Free Media: Optimization of Nutrient Composition and Delivery Format Chapter 6. Cell Line Authentication Chapter 7. Detection of Microbial and Viral Contaminants in Cell Lines Section 2: Culture of Specific Cell Types: Stem Cells Chapter 8. Neural Crest Stem Cells Chapter 9. Postnatal Skeletal Stem Cells: Methods for Isolation and Analysis of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells from Postnatal Murine and Human Marrow. Chapter 10. Establishment of Embryonic Stem Cell Lines from Adult Somatic Cells by Nuclear Transfer Chapter 11. T-Cell Isolation and Propagation in vitro Chapter 12. Generation of Human and Murine Dendritic Cells Section 3: Culture of Specific Cell Types: Hemopoietic, Mesenchymal, and Epithelial Chapter 13. Clonal Cultures in vitro for Hemopoietic Cells Using Semisolid Agar Medium Chapter 14. Human Skeletal Myocytes Chapter 15. Growing Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells for Studying Epithelial Cell Biology Chapter 16. Cultivation and Retroviral Infection of Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Chapter 17. Three-Dimensional Cultures of Normal and Malignant Human Breast Epithelial Cells to Acheive in vivo-like Architecture and Function Chapter 18. Primary Culture of Drosophilia Embryo Cells Chapter 19. Laboratory Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans and Other Free-Living Nematodes Section 4: Differentiation and Reprogramming of Somatic Cells Chapter 20. Induction of Differentiation and Cellular Manipulation of Human Myeloid HL-60 Leukemia Cells Chapter 21. Cultured PC12 Cells: A Model for Neuronal Function, Differentiation, and Survival Chapter 22. Differentiation of Pancreatic Cells into Hepatocytes Chapter 23. TERA2 and Is NTERA2 Subline: Pluripotent Human Embryonal Carcinoma Cells Chapter 24. Embryonic Explants from Xenopus laevis as an Assay System to Study Differentiation of Multipotent Precursor Cells Chapter 25. Electofusion: Nuclear Reprogramming of Somatic Cells by Cell Hybridization with Pluripotential Stem Cells Chapter 26. Reprogramming Somatic Nuclei and Cells with Cell Extracts Section 5: Immortalization Chapter 27. Immortalization of Primary Human Cells with Telomerase Chapter 28. Preparation and Immortalization of Primary Murine Cells Section 6: Somatic Cell Hybrids Chapter 29. Viable Hybrids between Adherent Cells: Generation, Yield Improvement, and Analysis Section 7: Cell Separation Techniques Chapter 30. Separation and Expansion of Human T Cells Chapter 31. Separation of Cell Populations Synchronized in Cell Cycle Phase by Centrifugal Elutriation Chapter 32. Polychromatic Flow Cytometry Chapter 33. High-Speed Cell Sorting Section 8: Cell Cycle Analysis Chapter 34. Cell Cycle Analysis by Flow and Laser-Scanning Cytometry Chapter 35. Detection of Cell Cycle Stage in situ in Growing Cell Populations Chapter 36. In vivo DNA Replication Labeling Chapter 37. Live Cell DNA Labeling and Multiphoton/ Confocal Microscopy Section 9: Cytotoxic and Cell Growth Assays Chapter 38. Cytotoxicity and Cell Growth Assays Chapter 39. Micronuclei and Comet Assay Section 10: Apoptosis Chapter 40. Methods in Apoptosis Section 11: Assays of Cell Transformation, Tumorigenesis, Invasion, and Wound Healing Chapter 41. Cellular Assays of Oncogene Transformation Chapter 42. Assays of Tumorigenicity in Nude Mice Chapter 43. Transfilter Cell Invasion Assays Chapter 44. Endothelial Cell Invasion Assays Chapter 45. Analysis of Tumor Cell Invasion in Organotypic Brain Slices Using Confocal Laser-Scanning Microscopy Chapter 46. Angiogenesis Assays Chapter 47. Three-Dimensional, Quantitative, in vitro Assays of Wound Healing Behavior Section 12: Electrophysiological Methods Chapter 48. Patch Clamping Section 13: Organ Cultures Chapter 49. Preparation of Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures Chapter 50. Thyroid Tissue-Organotypic Culture Using a New Approach for Overcoming the Disadvantages of Conventional Organ Culture PART B. Viruses Section 14: Growth and Purification of Viruses Chapter 51. Growth of Smliki Forest Virus Chapter 52. Design and Production of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Derived Vectors Chapter 53. Construction and Preparation of Human Adenovirus Vectors Chapter 54. Production and Quality Control of High-Capacity Adenoviral Vectors Chapter 55. Novel Approaches for Production of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus PART C. Antibodies Section 15: Production and Purification of Antibodies Chapter 56. Production of Peptide Antibodies in Rabbits and Purification of Immunoglobulin Chapter 57. Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies Chapter 58. Rapid Development of Monoclonal Antibodies Using Repetitive Immunizations, Multiple Sites Chapter 59. Phage-Displayed Antibody Libraries Chapter 60. Ribosome Display: In vitro Selection of Protein-Protein Interactions Chapter 61. Epitope Mapping by Mass Spectrometry Chapter 62. Mapping and Characterization of Protein Epitopes by Using the SPOT Method Chapter 63. Determination of Antibody Specificity by Western Blotting Chapter 64. Enzyme-Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay Chapter 65. Radioiodination of Antibodies PART D. Immunocytochemistry Chapter 66. Immunofluorescence Microscopy of Cultured Cells Chapter 67. Immunofluorescence Microscopy of the Cytoskeleton: Combination with Green Fluorescent Protein Tags Chapter 68. Immunocytochemistry of Frozen and of Paraffin Tissue Sections PART E. APPENDIX Chapter 69. Representative Cultured Cell Lines and Their Characteristics
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 PART A. Organelles and Cellular Structures Section 1: Isolation: Plasma Membrane, Organelles, and Cellular Structures Chapter 1. Detergent-Resistant Membranes and the Use of Cholesterol Depletion Chapter 2. Isolation and Subfractionation of Plasma Membranes to Purify Caveolae Separately from Lipid Rafts Chapter 3. Immunoisolation of Organelles Using Magnetic Solid Supports Chapter 4. Purification of Rat Liver Golgi Stacks Chapter 5. Isolation of Rough and Smooth Membrane Domains of the Endoplasmic Reticulum from Rat Liver Chapter 6. Purification of COPI Vesicles Chapter 7. Purification of Clathrin-Coated Vesicles from Bovine Brain, Liver, and Adrenal Gland Chapter 8. Isolation of Latex Bead-and Mycobacterial-Containing Phagosomes Chapter 9. Isolation of Peroxisomes Chapter 10. Isolation of Mitochondria from Mammalian Tissues and Cultured Cells Chapter 11. Subcellular Fractionation Procedures and Metabolic Labeling Using [35S] Sulfate to Isolate Dense Core Secretory Granules from Neuroendocrine Cell Lines Chapter 12. Preparation of Synaptic Vesicles from Mammalian Brain Chapter 13. Preparation of Proteasomes Chapter 14. Preparation of Cilia from Human Airway Epithelial Cells Chapter 15. Isolation of Nucleoli Chapter 16. Purification of Intermediate-Containing Spliceosomes Chapter 17. Isolation of Cajal Bodies Chapter 18. Replication Clusters: Labeling Strategies for the Analysis of Chromosome Architecture and Chromatin Dynamics Chapter 19. Isolation of Chromosomes for Flow Analysis and Sorting Section 2: Vital Staining of Cells/ Organelles Chapter 20. Vital Staining of Cells with Fluorescent Lipids Chapter 21. Labeling of Endocytotic Vesicles Using Fluorescent Probes for Fluid-Phase Endocytosis Section 3: Protein Purification Chapter 22. Preparation of Tubulin from Porcine Brain Chapter 23. Purification of Smooth Muscle Actin Chapter 24. Purification of Nonmuscle Actin Chapter 25. Purification of Skeletal Muscle Actin PART B. Assays Section 4: Endocytic and Exocytic Pathways Chapter 26. Permeabilized Epithelial Cells to Study Exocytic Membrane Transport Chapter 27. Studying Exit and Surface Delivery of Post-Golgi Transport Intermediates Using in vitro and Live-Cell Microscopy-Based Approaches Chapter 28. Assays Measuring Membrane Transport in the Endocytic Pathway Chapter 29. Microsome-Based Assay for Analysis of Endoplasmic Reticulum to Golgi Transport in Mammalian Cells Chapter 30. Cotranslational Translocation of Proteins into Microsomes Derived from the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum of Mammalian Cells Chapter 31. Use of Permeabilsed Mast Cells to Analyze Regulated Exocytosis Section 5: Membranes Chapter 32. Syringe Loading: A Method for Assessing Plasma Membrane Function as a Reflection of Mechanically Induced Cell Loading Chapter 33. Cell Surface Biotinylation and Other Techniques for Determination of Surface Polarity of Epithelial Monolayers Section 6: Mitochondria Chapter 34. Protein Translocation into Mitochondria Chapter 35. Polarographic Assays of Mitochondrial Functions Section 7: Nuclear Transport Chapter 36. Analysis of Nuclear Protein Import and Export in Digitonin-Permeabilized Cells Chapter 37. Heterokaryons: An Assay for Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling Section 8: Chromatin Assembly Chapter 38. DNA Replication-Dependent Chromatin Assembly System Section 9: Signal Transduction Assays Chapter 39. Cygnets: Intracellular Guanosine 3', 5'-Cyclic Monophosphate Sensing in Primary Cells Using Fluorescence Energy Transfer Chapter 40. Ca2+ as a Second Messenger: New Reporters for Calcium (Cameleons and Camgaroos) Chapter 41. Ratiometric Pericam Chapter 42. Fluorescent Indicators for Imaging Protein Phosphorylation in Single Living Cells Chapter 43. In Situ Electroporation of Radioactive Nucleotides: Assessment of Ras Activity or 32P Labeling of Cellular Proteins Chapter 44. Dissecting Pathways; in Situ Electroporation for the Study of Signal Transduction and Gap Junctional Communication Chapter 45. Detection of Protein-Protein Interactions in vivo Using Cyan and Yellow Fluorescent Proteins Chapter 46. Tracking Individual Chromosomes with Integrated Arrays of lacop Sites and GFP-laci Repressor: Analyzing Position and Dynamics of Chromosomal Loci in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Section 10: Assays and Models of in vitro and in vivo Motility Chapter 47. Microtubule Motility Assays Chapter 48. In vitro Assays for Mitotic Spindle Assembly and Function Chapter 49. In vitro Motility Assays with Actin Chapter 50. Use of Brain Cytosolic Extracts for Studying Actin-Based Motility of Listeria Chapter 51. Pedestal Formation by Pathogenic Escherichia coli: A Model System for Studying Signal Transduction to the Actin Cytoskeleton Chapter 52. Listeria monocytogenes: Techniques to Analyze Bacterial Infection in vitro Section 11: Mechanical Stress in Single Cells Chapter 53. Measurement of Cellular Contractile Forces Using Patterned Elastomer Part C. APPENDIX Chapter 54. Resources
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 3 PART A. Imaging Techniques Section 1. Light Microscopy Chapter 1. Fluoescence Microscopy Chapter 2. Total Internal Reflection Flurescent Microscopy Chapter 3. Band Limit and Appropriate Sampling in Microscopy Chapter 4. Optical Tweezers: Application to the Study of Motor Proteins Section 2. Digital Video Microscopy Chapter 5. An Introduction to Electronic Image Acquisition during Light Microscopic Observation of Biological Specimens Chapter 6. Video-Enhanced Contrast Microscopy Section 3. Confocal Microscopy of Living Cells and Fixed Cells Chapter 7. Spinning Disc Confocal Microscopy of Living Cells Chapter 8. Confocal Microscopy of Drosophilia Embryos Chapter 9. Ultraviolet Laser Microbeam for Dissection of Drosophilia Embryos Section 4. Fluorescent Microscopy of Living Cells Chapter 10. Introduction to Fluorescence Imaging of Live Cells: An Annotated Checklist Chapter 11. Cytoskeleton Proteins Chapter 12. Systematic Subcellular Localization of Novel Proteins Chapter 13. Single Molecule Imaging in Living Cells by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy Chapter 14. Live-Cell Fluorescent Speckle Microscopy of Actin Cytoskeletal Dynamic and Their Perturbation by Drug Perfusion Chapter 15. Imaging Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Between Green Fluorescent Protein Variants in Live Cells Section 5. Use of Fluorescent Dyes for Studies of Intracellular Physiological Parameters Chapter 16. Measurements of Endosomal pH in Live Cells by Dual-Excitation Fluorescence Imaging Chapter 17. Genome-Wide Screening of Intracellular Protein Localization in Fission Yeast Chapter 18. Large-Scale Protein Localization in Yeast Section 6. Digital Image Processing, Analysis, Storage, and Display Chapter 19. Lifting the Fog: Image Restoration by Deconvolution Chapter 20. The State of teh Art in Biological Image Analysis Chapter 21. Publishing and Finding Images in the BioImage Database, and Image Database for Biologists PART B. Electron Microscopy Section 7: Specimen Preparation Techniques Chapter 22. Fixation and Embedding of Cells and Tissues for Transmission Electron Microscopy Chapter 23. Negative Staining Chapter 24. Glycerol Spraying/ Low-Angle Rotary Metal Shadowing Section 8: Cryotechniques Chapter 25. Rapid Freezing of Biological Specimens for Freeze Fracture and Deep Etching Chapter 26. Freeze Fracture and Freeze Etching Section 9: Electron Microscopy Studies of the Cytoskeleton Chapter 27. Electron Microscopy of Extracted Cytoskeletons: Negative Staining, Cryoelectron Microscopy, and Correlation with Light Microscopy Chapter 28. Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy of the Cytoskeleton Section 10: Immunoelectron Microscopy Chapter 29. Immunoelectron Microscopy with Lowicry Resins Chapter 30. Use of Ultrathin Cryo- and Plastic Sections for Immunocytochemistry Chapter 31. Direct Immunogold Labeling of Components within Protein Complexes PART C. Scanning Probe and Scanning Electron Microscopy Section 11: Scanning Probe and Scanning Electron Microscopy Chapter 32. Atomic Force Microscopy in Biology Chapter 33. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Visualization of the Cell Interior PART D. Microdissection Section 12: Tissue and Chromosome Microdissection Chapter 34. Laser Capture Microdissection Chapter 35. Chromosome Microdissection Using Conventional Methods Chapter 36. Micromanipulation of Chromosomes and the Mitotic Spindle Using Laser Microsurgery (Laser Scissors) and Laser-Induced Optical Forces (Laser Tweezers) PART E. Tissue Arrays Section 13: Tissue Arrays Chapter 37. Tissue Microarrays PART F. Cytogenetics and In Situ Hybridization Section 14: Cytogenetics Chapter 38. Basic Cytogenetic Techniques: Culturing, Slide Making, and G Banding Chapter 39. A General and Reliable Method for Obtaining High-Yield Metaphasic Preparations from Adherent Cell Lines: Rapid Verification of Cell Chromosomal Content Section 15: In Situ Hybridization Chapter 40. Mapping Cloned DNA on Metaphase Chromosomes Using Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization Chapter 41. Human Genome Project Resources for Breakpoint Mapping Chapter 42. Fine Mapping of Gene Ordering by Elongated Chromosome Methods Chapter 43. In Situ Hybridization Applicable to mRNA Species in Cultured Cells Chapter 44. In Situ Hybridization for Simultaneous Detection of DNA, RNA, and Protein Chapter 45. Fluorescent Visualization of Genomic Structure and DNA Replication at the Single Molecule Level PART G. GENOMICS Section 16: Genomics Chapter 46. Genomic DNA Microarray for Comparative Genomic Hybridization Chapter 47. Genotyping of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms by Minisequencing Using Tag Arrays Chapter 48. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis by Matrix-Associated Laser Desorption/ Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Chapter 49. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis by ZipCode-Tagged Microspheres Chapter 50. Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Amplification Method of Retaining the Quantitative Difference between Two Complex Genomes PART H. Transgenic Knockouts, and Knockdown Methods Section 17: Transgenic Knockouts, and Knockdown Methods Chapter 51. Production of Transgenic Mice by Pronuclear Microinjection Chapter 52. Gene Targeting by Homologous Recombination in Embryonic Stem Cells Chapter 53. Conditional Knockouts: Cre-lox Systems Chapter 54. RNAi-Mediated Gene Silencing in Mammalian Cells Chapter 55. Antisense Oligonucleotides
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 4 PART A. Transfer of Macromolecules Section 1: Proteins Chapter 1. Impact-Mediated Cytoplasmic Loading of Macromolecules into Adherent Cells Chapter 2. A Peptide Carrier for the Delivery of Biologicallly Active Proteins into Mammalian Cells: Application to the Delivery of Antibodies and Therapeutic Proteins Chapter 3. Selective Permeabilization of the Cell-Surface Membrane by Streptolysin O Section 2: Genes Chapter 4. New Cationic Liposomes for Gene Ttransfer Chapter 5. Cationic Polymers for Gene Delivery: Formation of Polycation-DNA Complexes and in vitro Transfection Chapter 6. Electroporation of Living Embryos Section 3: Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Chapter 7. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transplantation PART B. Expression Systems Section 4: Expression Systems Chapter 8. Expression of cDNA in Yeast Chapter 9. Semliki Forest Virus Expression System Chapter 10. Transient Expression of cDNAs in COS-1 Cells: Protein Analysis by Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Chapter 11. High-Throughput Purification of Proteins from Escherichia coli PART C. Gene Expression Profiling Section 5: Differential Gene Expression Chapter 12. Microarrays for Gene Expression Profiling: Fabrication of Oligonucleotide Microarrays, Isolation of RNA, Fluorescent Labelingof cRNA, Hybridization, and Scanning Chapter 13. Array Express: A Public Repository for Microarray Data Chapter 14. Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE): Detailed Protocol for Generating SAGE Catalogs of Mammalian Cell Transcriptomes Chapter 15. Representational Difference Analysis: A Methodology to Study Differential Gene Expression Chapter 16. Single Cell Gene Expression Profiling: Multiplexed Expression Fluorescence in situ Hybridization: Application to the Analysis of Cultured Cells PART D. Proteins Section 6: Protein Determination and Analysis Chapter 17. Protein Determination Chapter 18. Phosphopeptide Mapping: A Basic Protocol Chapter 19. Coupling of Fluorescent Tags to Proteins Chapter 20. Radioiodination of Proteins and Peptides Section 7: Sample Fractionation for Proteomics Chapter 21. Free-Flow Electrophoresis Section 8: Gel Electrophoresis Chapter 22. Gel-Based Proteomics: High-Resolution Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins, Isoelectric Focusing and Nonequilibrium pH Gradient Electrophoresis Chapter 23. High Resolution Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis with Immobilized pH Gradients for Proteome Analysis Chapter 24. Two-Dimensional Difference Gel Electrophoresis: Application for the Analysis of Differential Protein Expression in Multiple Biological Samples Chapter 25. Affinity Electrophoresis for Studies of Biospecific Interactions: High-Resolution Two-Dimensinoal Affinity Electrophoresis for Separation of Hapten-Specific Polyclonal Antibodies in Murine Blood Plasma Chapter 26. Image Analysis and Quantitation Section 9: Detection of Proteins in Gels Chapter 27. Protein Detection in Gels by Silver Staining: A Procedure Compatible with Mass Spectrometry Chapter 28. Fluorescence Detection of Proteins in Gels Using SYPRO Dyes Chapter 29. Autoradiography and Fluorography: Film-Based Techniques for Imaging Radioactivity in Flat Samples Section 10: Gel Profiling of Posttranslationally Modified Proteins Chapter 30. Two-Dimensional Gel Profiling of Posttranslationally Modified Proteins by in vivo Isotope Labeling Section 11: Protein/ Protein and Protein/ Small Molecule Interactions Chapter 31. Immunoprecipitation of Proteins Under Nondenaturing Conditions Chapter 32. Nondenaturing Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis as a Method for Studying Protein Interactions: Applications in the Analysis of Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Complexes Chapter 33. Affinity Purification with Natural Immobilized Ligands Chapter 34. Analysis of Protein-Protein Interactions by Chemical Cross-Linking Chapter 35. Peroxisomal Targeting as a Tool to Assess Protein-Protein Interactions Chapter 36. Bimolecular Interaction Analysis Mass Spectroscopy Chapter 37. Blot Overlays with 32P-Labeled GST-Ras Fusion Proteins: Application to Mapping Protein-Protein Interaction Slides Chapter 38. Ligand Blot Overlay Assay: Detection of Ca+2-and Small GTP-Binding Proteins Chapter 39. Modular Scale Yeast Two-Hybrid Screening Section 12: Functional Proteomics Chapter 40. Chromophore-Assisted Laser Inactivation of Proteins by Antibodies Labeled with Malachite Green Section 13: Protein/ DNA Interactions Chapter 41. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Chapter 42. Gel Mobility Shift Assay Chapter 43. DNA Affinity Chromatography of Transcription Factors: The Oligonucleotide Trapping Approach Section 14: Protein Degradation Chapter 44. Protein Degradation Methods: Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy Chapter 45. Methods in Protein Ubiquitination Section 15: Mass Spectrometry: Protein Identification and Interactions Chapter 46. Protein Identification and Sequencing by Mass Spectrometry Chapter 47. Proteome Specific Sample Preparation Methods for Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/ Ionization Mass Spectrometry Chapter 48. In-Gel Digestion of Protein Spots for Mass Spectrometry Chapter 49. Peptide Sequencing by Tandem Mass Spectrometry Chapter 50. Direct Database Searching Using Tandem Mass Spectra of Peptides Chapter 51. Identification of Proteins from Organisms with Unsequenced Genomes by Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Sequence-Similarity Database Searching Tools Chapter 52. Identification of Protein Phosphorylation Sites by Mass Spectrometry Chapter 53. Analysis of Carbohydrates/ Glycoproteins by Mass Spectrometry Chapter 54. Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino Acids in Cell Culture for Quantitative Proteomics Chapter 55. Site-Specific, Stable Isotopic Labeling of Cysteinyl Peptides in Complex Peptide Mixtures Chapter 56. Protein Hydrogen Exchange Measured by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Chapter 57. Nongel Based Proteomics: Selective Reversed-Phase Chromatographic Isolation of Methionine-Containing Peptides from Complex Peptide Mixtures Chapter 58. Mass Spectrometry in Noncovalent Protein Interactions and Protein Assemblies PART E. APPENDIX Chapter 59. Bioinformatic Resources for in Silico Proteome Analysis LIST OF SUPPLIERS INDEX
INDEX
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